A Guide to

Understanding the Differences Between Compostable and Biodegradable

In the growing eco-conscious marketplace, the terms “compostable” and “biodegradable” are often used interchangeably, leading to confusion among consumers and businesses alike.

However, these terms have distinct meanings and implications, especially when it comes to the sustainability of foodservice packaging. Understanding these differences is crucial for making more environmentally responsible choices.

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Biodegradable:
The Basics

“Biodegradable” refers to any material that can break down into natural elements – CO2, water, and biomass – through the action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. While this sounds like an eco-friendly option, the term “biodegradable” is broad and lacks specific timeframes or conditions under which degradation occurs.

A key thing to remember is that just because a product is labeled as biodegradable does not mean it will break down quickly or safely in all environments. For example, a biodegradable plastic bag might decompose in a commercial composting facility under high temperatures, but the same bag could persist for years in a landfill where the necessary conditions for decomposition – oxygen, moisture, and microorganisms – are not present. So the term “biodegradable” doesn’t guarantee the product will break down efficiently or without harm to the environment.

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Compostable: Held To A Higher Standard

“Compostable” products, on the other hand, must meet more stringent criteria. Compostable materials are designed to break down into non-toxic components – typically CO2, water, inorganic compounds, and biomass – within a specific time frame and under defined conditions. Importantly, for a product to be labeled as compostable, it must not leave behind any harmful residues that could contaminate the compost or harm plant growth.

The gold standard for compostability in North America is obtaining a commercial compost certification through the Biodegradable Products Institute or BPI. BPI provides certification services for compostable products that meet ASTM D6400 or D6868 testing standards, which means those products can be composted in industrial facilities, breaking down completely within about 90 days. Some products are even certified for home composting through TÜV Austria, although this process usually takes longer due to lower temperatures and less microbial activity in home compost systems.

A critical advantage of compostable products is that they contribute to the creation of nutrient-rich compost, which can be used to improve soil health and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. However, it’s important to note that compostable products need to be disposed of properly. If compostable items end up in a landfill or the environment, they may not break down as intended, leading to a similar problem as biodegradable products.

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Why This Matters

Understanding the difference between biodegradable and compostable is essential for making informed decisions about product offerings. Biodegradable products, while seemingly a step in the right direction, might not always align with your sustainability goals, especially if these products end up in landfills where their environmental benefits are minimized. Compostable products, on the other hand, offer a more robust solution but require access to appropriate composting facilities.

We all play a role in making better packaging solutions that not only meet business and personal needs, but also align with smarter sustainability goals. By championing compostable products, you help reduce our collective environmental impact, support compliance with regulatory requirements, and appeal to eco-conscious consumers. However, it’s also important to be educated on the proper disposal methods for these products to ensure their benefits are fully realized.

Certified compostable products that adhere to stricter standards provide a clearer path toward a sustainable future. As the marketplace evolves, staying informed about these distinctions will empower you to make better recommendations and support the broader movement toward a more sustainable, better earth.

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3 Key Takeaways:

  1. Compostable products offer a more robust environmental solution than biodegradable products.
  2. Proper disposal of compostable products is crucial to realizing their environmental benefits.
  3. Understanding these differences helps in making informed decisions aligned with your customers’ sustainability goals.

Blair Michal, Partner Advocate, Better Earth

Contact Better Earth Circularity Coordinator Blair Michal at [email protected] to learn how Better Earth can help transition your business to using 100% compostable packaging and supporting a circular economy.

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